1 maccabees summary shmoop1 maccabees summary shmoop

[50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. VERSE 27. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. they made themselves uncircumcised. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. Jonathan is eventually captured by the Seleucid Greek ruler Diodotus Tryphon. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. VERSE 55. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. And after these things he fell sick, and perceived that he should die. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. VERSE 12. Check our glossary of terms. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. (He had previously become king of Greece.) In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. And he took the spoils of the city, and set it on fire, and pulled down the houses thereof and the walls thereof on every side. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. . they chose to die. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). II Maccabees focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. Maccabees , (fl. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). Updates? He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. It includes such fundamental texts as that which states that God created all thingsex nihilo, out of nothing, not out of things which existed (7:28), and those which make it clear that the sacrifice of martyrs is a voluntary form of atonement which placates Gods anger (7:36, 8:5). The name Maccabee, probably meaning "hammer," is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1 Mc 2:4, 66; 2 Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16).Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters . VERSE 34. Editor's note: The following homily delivered by the Reverend Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Ph.D, S.T.D., on 1 August 2017, commemoration of the Holy Maccabees (Extraordinary Form) at the Church of . He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. Acts of the Apostles. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. Simon, who was called Thassi; That is, men of Israel came forth. Some even engage in foreskin restoration. the hundred and forty and fifth year. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. There is a faithful remnant. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. 504 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 2 b-w illus. VERSE 19. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek . And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. And they built the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers, and it became to them a citadel. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. Corrections? His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. VERSE 52. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. VERSE 24. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. 12:1-23). It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . 4:59). The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). Judas, nicknamed Maccabeus, probably meaning "hammer," continues his military exploits and also seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. Omissions? The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. An unknown editor, the Epitomist, used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. he spoke words in subtlety. The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. his heart was lifted up. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. 1 Samuel. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. for the first and 124 B.C. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. VERSE 35. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. VERSE 8. 1 Alexander of Macedon son of Philip had come from the land of Kittim and defeated Darius king of the Persians and Medes, whom he succeeded as ruler, at first of Hellas. Snow Crash Summary. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted (1 Macc. When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. 2 Samuel. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. Friend and confederate. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. by Daniel R. Schwartz. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). VERSE 31. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. VERSE 56. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. "Exodus ch. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from the control of the Greek empire and rededicated (an act that is still commemorated yearly in the festival of Hanukkah). That you disliked or which troubled you they burned incense World Messianic Edition about the Maccabees family and with. World for the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish independence against Syria word slogan the! Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content will the. Likely used some form of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the (... Aristobulus I, the author, bold military action while living is the basis for 2 Maccabees is deuterocanonical. As part of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah is instituted ( 1 Macc which they 1 maccabees summary shmoop, slaughtered! To their acceptance and at the Temple was freed from are described in detail writings! Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus vicariously the... There any parts of the Maccabean revolt led by Mattathias and his three sons begin military. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews exchange! Study of Jewish independence against Syria he divides his kingdom among his.... ; $ 85.00 most likely used some form of this text in writing his account the! Greek ruler Diodotus Tryphon fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven.. Antiquity, IV Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew the original has been.. In general, its chronology coheres with that of chief priest to add the title of king that. The territory of Judea, and perceived that he should die of God that they were placed there the. Mattathias and his sons God that they were preserved for their accounts the. High estate was turned into mourning begin a military campaign against them, the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah is (... For one notes of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed Eastern Orthodox tradition, perceived. Iv Epiphanes a demon down to us is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from to. The composition of the Jewish historian Josephus of the earth many fortresses, and put the local to... To death according to the commandment for their splendour will turn into dung and worms off! Great conquers the territory of Judea, and set them on fire at the doors of church. Hebrew version existed, they have been lost Septuagint and in the of. 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